用于生物医学应用的静电纺丝果胶纳米纤维的预测性设计框架

果胶是一种结构多样的植物源性多糖，正逐渐成为构建生物指导性纳米纤维支架的独特平台。与静电纺丝中常用的其他天然聚合物（如海藻酸盐、透明质酸或胶原蛋白）相比，果胶具有独特的粘附性、免疫调节潜力，以及由同型半乳糖醛酸聚糖和鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖结构域平衡所决定的、可精细调控的分子架构。然而，其固有的聚电解质行为、较低的链缠结度和高水溶性历来限制了其在纳米纤维制造中的应用。近期在化学改性、溶剂工程和纺后稳定化方面的进展，使得制备形态可控、机械性能稳定且降解动力学可调的静电纺丝果胶纤维成为可能。本综述引入了一个预测性"结构-性能-功能"框架，用于指导静电纺丝果胶纳米纤维在生物医学应用中的理性设计。我们将分子策略分为三类（共价、物理和复合策略），并评估了每种策略如何影响纤维形成及后续的生物学性能，特别关注其免疫相互作用、生物活性物质负载和支架重塑。同时，我们指出了转化应用的瓶颈，包括材料的变异性、对灭菌的敏感性以及交联化学与法规要求的不匹配。通过将这些因素整合到以设计为依据的支架逻辑中，本综述为推动静电纺丝果胶材料从实验室原型走向再生医学、伤口愈合和局部治疗递送等临床可行平台提供了路线图。

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