<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ejols</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">The Eurasian Journal of Life Sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Евразийский журнал наук о жизни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-5493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-6031</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Сеченовский Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47093/3033-5493.2026.2.1.57-68</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ejols-48</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Microbiomics and Metagenomics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Микробиология и метагеномика</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Is there an association between vaginal, urethral and urinary microbiota in women with urogenital tract diseases?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ассоциирована ли микробиота влагалища, уретры и мочи у женщин с заболеваниями урогенитального тракта?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2641-3471</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Болдырева</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boldyreva</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маргарита Болдырева, доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Каширское шоссе, 24, Москва, 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Margarita Boldyreva, Dr. of Sci. (Medicine), Leading Researcher</p><p>24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-4854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Иванова, старший продакт-менеджер</p><p>Варшавское шоссе, 125Ж, стр. 6, офис 14, Москва, 117587</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia Ivanova, Senior Product Manager</p><p>125Zh, Varshavskoye shosse, bldg. 6, office 14, Moscow, 117587</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7829-5287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петруничева</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrunicheva</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Петруничева, аналитик данных</p><p>Варшавское шоссе, 125Ж, стр. 6, офис 14, Москва, 117587</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria Petrunicheva, Data Analyst</p><p>125Zh, Varshavskoye shosse, bldg. 6, office 14, Moscow, 117587</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6694-837X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Морозов, кандидат медицинских наук, MD, старший научный сотрудник Института урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека</p><p>ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 1, Москва, 119435</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey Morozov, Cand of Sci. (Medicine), MD, Senior Researcher, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health </p><p>2, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str., bldg. 1, Moscow, 119435</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andrei.o.morozov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-1727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Москвина</surname><given-names>З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moskvina</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зоя Москвина, кандидат медицинских наук, MD, Институт урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека</p><p>ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 1, Москва, 119435</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zoya Moskvina, Cand of Sci. (Medicine), MD, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health,</p><p>2, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str., bldg. 1, Moscow, 119435</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7026-1607</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Россоловская</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rossolovskaya</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ксения Россоловская, кандидат медицинских наук, MD, научный сотрудник кафедры акушерства и гинекологии № 1 Института клинической медицины имени Н. В. Склифосовского</p><p>ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 2, Москва, 119021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia Rossolovskaya, Cand of Sci. (Medicine), MD, Researcher, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology No. 1, N.V. Sklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>11, Rossolimo str., bldg. 2, Moscow, 119021</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-6268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спивак</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Spivak</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Леонид Спивак, доктор медицинских наук, MD, профессор Института урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека</p><p>ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 1, Москва, 119435</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid Spivak, Professor, MD, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health</p><p>2, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str., bldg. 1, Moscow, 119435</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Center — Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA of Russia)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «ДНК-Технология»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC “DNA-technology”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И. М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Boldyreva M., Ivanova A., Petrunicheva M., Morozov A., Moskvina Z., Rossolovskaya K., Spivak L., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Болдырева М., Иванова А., Петруничева М., Морозов А., Москвина З., Россоловская К., Спивак Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Boldyreva M., Ivanova A., Petrunicheva M., Morozov A., Moskvina Z., Rossolovskaya K., Spivak L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.eajls.com/jour/article/view/48">https://www.eajls.com/jour/article/view/48</self-uri><abstract><p>Urinary tract infections (UTI), including recurrent cystitis, are usually interpreted in relation to dominant uropathogens. However, the microbial context of adjacent urogenital sites may also be relevant.Aim. To evaluate the association between UTI and the microbiota of different parts of the urogenital tract in order to provide insights into disease pathogenesis and treatment. Material and methods. The study included three groups: healthy volunteer group (n= 34); patients at risk of developing UTI (women with micronephrolithiasis and/or bacterial vaginosis; n = 16); and patients with a history of recurrent lower UTI (n = 100). Four types of biomaterial were used: first-pass and midstream urine samples, urethral and vaginal swabs. All samples were analyzed by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction reagent kits Femoflor®16 and BacScreen OM.Results. Genomic DNA and total bacterial quantities increased while relative lactobacilli decreased in patients with a risk of UTI and in those with recurrent lower UTI. This was only the case in midstream and first-pass urine samples. Relative lactobacilli levels in the urethral and vaginal swabs were only slightly but statistically significantly reduced in patients with recurrent lower UTI. Facultative anaerobes predominated in urine samples of patients with a risk of UTI, while in patients with recurrent lower UTI an increase in both facultative and obligate anaerobes was observed.Conclusion. Midstream and first-pass urine samples can reliably assess inflammation in the urogenital tract. No strict correlation was observed between the vaginal and urinary microbiota of patients with recurrent lower UTI, meaning that UTI do not necessarily affect the vaginal biotope.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Инфекции мочевыводящих путей (ИМП), включая рецидивирующий цистит, чаще всего рассматривают с позиции выявления основных уропатогенов. Вместе с тем для понимания этих состояний может быть важна и микробиота смежных отделов урогенитального тракта. Цель исследования – оценить взаимосвязь ИМП с особенностями микробиоты различных отделов урогенитального тракта и тем самым уточнить возможные механизмы развития заболевания и подходы к его лечению.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование вошли три группы: здоровые добровольцы (n = 34), пациентки с факторами риска развития ИМП (женщины с микронефролитиазом и/или бактериальным вагинозом; n = 16) и пациентки с рецидивирующими инфекциями нижних мочевыводящих путей в анамнезе (n = 100). Для анализа использовали четыре типа биоматериала: первую и среднюю порции мочи, а также мазки из уретры и влагалища. Все образцы исследовали методом мультиплексной полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени с применением наборов реагентов Фемофлор® 16 и BacScreen OM.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У пациенток с риском развития ИМП и у пациенток с рецидивирующими инфекциями нижних мочевыводящих путей отмечали увеличение количества геномной ДНК и общей бактериальной массы на фоне снижения относительного содержания лактобацилл. Такие изменения наблюдали только в образцах средней и первой порций мочи. В мазках из уретры и влагалища у пациенток с рецидивирующими инфекциями нижних мочевыводящих путей относительное содержание лактобацилл снижалось не выражено, но статистически значимо. В образцах мочи пациенток с риском развития ИМП преобладали факультативные анаэробы, тогда как у пациенток с рецидивирующими инфекциями нижних мочевыводящих путей наблюдалось увеличение доли как факультативных, так и облигатных анаэробов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Средняя и первая порции мочи могут быть информативными для оценки воспалительных изменений в урогенитальном тракте. У пациенток с рецидивирующими инфекциями нижних мочевыводящих путей строгой связи между микробиотой влагалища и мочи выявлено не было, что позволяет предположить, что ИМП не всегда сопровождаются изменениями вагинального биотопа.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ПЦР в реальном времени</kwd><kwd>дисбиоз</kwd><kwd>дефицит лактобацилл</kwd><kwd>рецидивирующие инфекции нижних мочевыводящих путей</kwd><kwd>тип образца</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>RT-PCR</kwd><kwd>dysbiosis</kwd><kwd>lactobacilli deficiency</kwd><kwd>recurrent lower UTI</kwd><kwd>type specimen</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vazquez-Montes MDLA, Fanshawe TR, Stoesser N, Walker AS, Butler C, Hayward G. Epidemiology and microbiology of recurrent UTI in women in the community in Oxfordshire, UK. JAC-Antimicrob Resist. 2023;6(1):dlad156. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad156</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vazquez-Montes MDLA, Fanshawe TR, Stoesser N, Walker AS, Butler C, Hayward G. Epidemiology and microbiology of recurrent UTI in women in the community in Oxfordshire, UK. JAC-Antimicrob Resist. 2023;6(1):dlad156. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad156</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis AL, Gilbert NM. Roles of the vagina and the vaginal microbiota in urinary tract infection: evidence from clinical correlations and experimental models. GMS Infect Dis 8Doc02. 2020;8:Doc02. doi: 10.3205/ID000046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis AL, Gilbert NM. Roles of the vagina and the vaginal microbiota in urinary tract infection: evidence from clinical correlations and experimental models. GMS Infect Dis 8Doc02. 2020;8:Doc02. doi: 10.3205/ID000046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am J Med. 2002;113(1):5-13. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01054-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am J Med. 2002;113(1):5-13. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01054-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saraf VS, Sheikh SA, Ahmad A, Gillevet PM, Bokhari H, Javed S. Vaginal microbiome: normalcy vs dysbiosis. Arch Microbiol. 2021;203(7):3793-3802. doi: 10.1007/s00203-021-02414-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saraf VS, Sheikh SA, Ahmad A, Gillevet PM, Bokhari H, Javed S. Vaginal microbiome: normalcy vs dysbiosis. Arch Microbiol. 2021;203(7):3793-3802. doi: 10.1007/s00203-021-02414-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stapleton AE. The Vaginal Microbiota and Urinary Tract Infection. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(6):4.6.37. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0025-2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stapleton AE. The Vaginal Microbiota and Urinary Tract Infection. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(6):4.6.37. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0025-2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sumati A, Saritha N. Association of urinary tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2009;1(2):151. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.56254</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sumati A, Saritha N. Association of urinary tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2009;1(2):151. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.56254</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hillebrand L, Harmanli OH, Whiteman V, Khandelwal M. Urinary tract infections in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5):916- 917. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.123987</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hillebrand L, Harmanli OH, Whiteman V, Khandelwal M. Urinary tract infections in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5):916- 917. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.123987</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Handa VL, Brotman RM, Ravel J, Tuddenham S. Does bacterial vaginosis contribute to urinary tract infection? Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2023;25(2):17-27. doi: 10.1007/s11908-022-00795-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Handa VL, Brotman RM, Ravel J, Tuddenham S. Does bacterial vaginosis contribute to urinary tract infection? Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2023;25(2):17-27. doi: 10.1007/s11908-022-00795-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta V, Mastromarino P, Garg R. Effectiveness of prophylactic oral and/or vaginal probiotic supplementation in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;78(5):1154-1161. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad766</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta V, Mastromarino P, Garg R. Effectiveness of prophylactic oral and/or vaginal probiotic supplementation in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;78(5):1154-1161. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad766</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muiños Fernández N, Martínez Salamanca JI, Pardo González De Quevedo JI, et al. Efficacy and safety of an ultra-low-dose 0.005 % estriol vaginal gel in the prevention of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Maturitas. 2024;190:108128. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.108128</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muiños Fernández N, Martínez Salamanca JI, Pardo González De Quevedo JI, et al. Efficacy and safety of an ultra-low-dose 0.005 % estriol vaginal gel in the prevention of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Maturitas. 2024;190:108128. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.108128</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wojno KJ, Baunoch D, Luke N, et al. Multiplex PCR based urinary tract infection (UTI) analysis compared to traditional urine culture in identifying significant pathogens in symptomatic patients. Urology. 2020;136:119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wojno KJ, Baunoch D, Luke N, et al. Multiplex PCR based urinary tract infection (UTI) analysis compared to traditional urine culture in identifying significant pathogens in symptomatic patients. Urology. 2020;136:119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boldyreva M, Petrunicheva M, Ivanova A, et al. Assessing urinary microbiota in chronic cystitis based on midstream urine sample. Urol Int. 2025;110(2):134-139. doi: 10.1159/000547112</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boldyreva M, Petrunicheva M, Ivanova A, et al. Assessing urinary microbiota in chronic cystitis based on midstream urine sample. Urol Int. 2025;110(2):134-139. doi: 10.1159/000547112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Occhino JA, Byrnes JN, Wu PY, Chen J, Walther-Antonio MR. Preoperative vaginal microbiome as a predictor of postoperative urinary tract infection. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):28990. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78809-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Occhino JA, Byrnes JN, Wu PY, Chen J, Walther-Antonio MR. Preoperative vaginal microbiome as a predictor of postoperative urinary tract infection. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):28990. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78809-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalby KL, Horsley H, Spratt D, Khasriya R. The vaginal microbiome and recurrent and chronic urinary tract infection. Int Urogynecology J. December 2025. doi: 10.1007/s00192-025-06434-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalby KL, Horsley H, Spratt D, Khasriya R. The vaginal microbiome and recurrent and chronic urinary tract infection. Int Urogynecology J. December 2025. doi: 10.1007/s00192-025-06434-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schefe JH, Lehmann KE, Buschmann IR, Unger T, Funke-Kaiser H. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR data analysis: current concepts and the novel “gene expression’s C T difference” formula. J Mol Med. 2006;84(11):901-910. doi: 10.1007/s00109-006-0097-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schefe JH, Lehmann KE, Buschmann IR, Unger T, Funke-Kaiser H. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR data analysis: current concepts and the novel “gene expression’s C T difference” formula. J Mol Med. 2006;84(11):901-910. doi: 10.1007/s00109-006-0097-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hitzeman N, Greer D, Carpio E. Office-based urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician. 2022;106(1):27-35B. Accessed May, 25 2026. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2022/0700/office-based-urinalysis</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hitzeman N, Greer D, Carpio E. Office-based urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician. 2022;106(1):27-35B. Accessed May, 25 2026. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2022/0700/office-based-urinalysis</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Advani SD, Polage CR, Fakih MG. Deconstructing the urinalysis: a novel approach to diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol ASHE. 2021;1(1):e6. doi: 10.1017/ash.2021.167</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Advani SD, Polage CR, Fakih MG. Deconstructing the urinalysis: a novel approach to diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol ASHE. 2021;1(1):e6. doi: 10.1017/ash.2021.167</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demkin VV, Pustotina OA, Kazakov AA, et al. Lactobacilli and bacterial vaginosis. Species typing and content analysis in the microbiome. Mol Genet Microbiol Virol. 2025;40(2):132-138. doi: 10.3103/S0891416825700144</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demkin VV, Pustotina OA, Kazakov AA, et al. Lactobacilli and bacterial vaginosis. Species typing and content analysis in the microbiome. Mol Genet Microbiol Virol. 2025;40(2):132-138. doi: 10.3103/S0891416825700144</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han Y, Liu Z, Chen T. Role of vaginal microbiota dysbiosis in gynecological diseases and the potential interventions. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:643422. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643422</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han Y, Liu Z, Chen T. Role of vaginal microbiota dysbiosis in gynecological diseases and the potential interventions. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:643422. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643422</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naji A, Siskin D, Woodworth MH, Lee JR, Kraft CS, Mehta N. The role of the gut, urine, and vaginal microbiomes in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection in women and consideration of microbiome therapeutics. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(9):ofae471. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofae471</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naji A, Siskin D, Woodworth MH, Lee JR, Kraft CS, Mehta N. The role of the gut, urine, and vaginal microbiomes in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection in women and consideration of microbiome therapeutics. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(9):ofae471. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofae471</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atkins H, Sabharwal B, Boger L, et al. Evidence of Lactobacillus strains shared between the female urinary and vaginal microbiota. Microb Genomics. 2024;10(7). doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.001267</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atkins H, Sabharwal B, Boger L, et al. Evidence of Lactobacillus strains shared between the female urinary and vaginal microbiota. Microb Genomics. 2024;10(7). doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.001267</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoo JJ, Shin HB, Moon JE, et al. Korean urobiome platform (KUROM) study for acute uncomplicated sporadic versus recurrent cystitis in women: clinical significance. Investig Clin Urol. 2024;65(4):378. doi: 10.4111/icu.20230369</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoo JJ, Shin HB, Moon JE, et al. Korean urobiome platform (KUROM) study for acute uncomplicated sporadic versus recurrent cystitis in women: clinical significance. Investig Clin Urol. 2024;65(4):378. doi: 10.4111/icu.20230369</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang L, Li X, Zheng B, et al. Differential urinary microbiota composition between women with and without recurrent urinary tract infection. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:888681. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888681</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang L, Li X, Zheng B, et al. Differential urinary microbiota composition between women with and without recurrent urinary tract infection. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:888681. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888681</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al KF, Parris J, Engelbrecht K, Reid G, Burton JP. Interconnected microbiomes— insights and innovations in female urogenital health. FEBS J. 2025;292(6):1378-1396. doi: 10.1111/febs.17235</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al KF, Parris J, Engelbrecht K, Reid G, Burton JP. Interconnected microbiomes— insights and innovations in female urogenital health. FEBS J. 2025;292(6):1378-1396. doi: 10.1111/febs.17235</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu H, Hu Q, Yan Q, Hao Z, Liang C. Alterations in urinary microbiota composition in urolithiasis patients: insights from 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1266446. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1266446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu H, Hu Q, Yan Q, Hao Z, Liang C. Alterations in urinary microbiota composition in urolithiasis patients: insights from 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1266446. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1266446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Čeprnja M, Hadžić E, Oros D, Melvan E, Starcevic A, Zucko J. Current viewpoint on female urogenital microbiome—the cause or the consequence? Microorganisms. 2023;11(5):1207. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Čeprnja M, Hadžić E, Oros D, Melvan E, Starcevic A, Zucko J. Current viewpoint on female urogenital microbiome—the cause or the consequence? Microorganisms. 2023;11(5):1207. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051207</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machado A, Cerca N. Influence of biofilm formation by Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes on bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1856-1861. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv338</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machado A, Cerca N. Influence of biofilm formation by Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes on bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1856-1861. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv338</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savicheva AM. Molecular testing for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;25(1):449. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010449</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savicheva AM. Molecular testing for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;25(1):449. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010449</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nazarova VV, Shipitsyna EV, Gerasimova EN, Savicheva AM. Criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis using the test Femoflor-16. J Obstet Womens Dis. 2017;66(4):57-67. doi: 10.17816/JOWD66457-67</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazarova VV, Shipitsyna EV, Gerasimova EN, Savicheva AM. Criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis using the test Femoflor-16. J Obstet Womens Dis. 2017;66(4):57-67. doi: 10.17816/JOWD66457-67</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jia Y, Han M, Ge H, et al. Dysbiosis of gut and urinary microbiota in urolithiasis patients and post-surgical cases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;15:1633783. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1633783</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jia Y, Han M, Ge H, et al. Dysbiosis of gut and urinary microbiota in urolithiasis patients and post-surgical cases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;15:1633783. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1633783</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
