ejolsThe Eurasian Journal of Life SciencesЕвразийский журнал наук о жизни3033-54933033-6031Сеченовский Университет10.47093/3033-5493.2025.1.2.56-64ejols-31Research ArticleСтатьиContemporary approach to the complex interdisciplinary treatment in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunctionСовременный подход к комплексному междисциплинарному лечению пациентов с дисфункцией височно-нижнечелюстного суставаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3689-6358МартюшеваМ. В.MartiushevaM. V.

Марина Вячеславовна Мартюшева, Кандидат медицинских наук, Доцент кафедры ортопедической стоматологии

ул. Петропавловская, д. 26., Пермь, 614000

Marina V. Martiusheva, PhD in Medical Sciences, associate professor of the Department of prosthetic dentistry

26 Petropavlovskaya Str., Perm, 614000

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5399-7009МаньЧэнManCheng

Чэн Мань, PhD, доцент, главный хирург, Отделение челюстно-лицевой травматологии и ортогнатической хирургии 

ул. Далянь, 143, г. Цзуньи, провинция Гуйчжоу, 563000

Cheng Man, PhD, Associate Professor, Chief surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Orthognathic Surgery

143 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, 56300

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8850-4550ЦзянХайтаоJiangHaitao

Хайтао Цзян, MDS, заместитель главного хирурга, Отделение челюстно-лицевой травмы и ортогнатической хирургии

ул. Далянь, 143, г. Цзуньи, провинция Гуйчжоу, 56300

Haitao Jiang, MDS, Associate chief surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Orthognathic Surgery

143 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, 56300

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1459-2066ВалиахметоваК. Р.ValiakhmetovaK. R.

Камилла Руслановна Валиахметова, Аспирант, Ассистент кафедры ортопедической стоматологии

ул. Петропавловская, д. 26., Пермь, 614000

Kamilla R. Valiakhmetova, Postgraduate student, assistant of Department of prosthetic dentistry

26 Petropavlovskaya Str., Perm, 614000

Valiakhmetovak1998@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0006-3899-5236ХэИнъюHeYingyou

Инъю Хэ, PhD, Лечащий врач, Отделение челюстно-лицевой травматологии и ортогнатической хирургии

ул. Далянь, 143, г. Цзуньи, провинция Гуйчжоу, 563000

Yingyou He, PhD, Attending doctor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Orthognathic Surgery

143 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, 56300

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-4710МуравьевС. В.MuravevS. V.

Сергей Владимирович Муравьев, Кандидат медицинских наук, Доцент кафедры физической и реабилитационной медицины с курсом медико-социальной экспертизы

ул. Петропавловская, д. 26., Пермь, 614000

Sergey V. Muravev, PhD in Medical Sciences, associate professor of the Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine with a Course in Medical and Social Expertise

26 Petropavlovskaya Str., Perm, 614000

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1135-7833АсташинаН. Б.AstashinaN. B.

Наталия Борисовна Асташина, доктор медицинских наук, заведующая кафедрой ортопедической стоматологии

ул. Петропавловская, 26, Пермь, 614000

Nataliia B. Astashina, Grand PhD in Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of prosthetic dentistry

26 Petropavlovskaya Str., Perm, 614000

ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииYe. A. Vagner Perm State Medical UniversityСтоматологическая больница Медицинского университета ЦзуньиStomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University202518012026125664Copyright © Martiusheva M.V., Man C., Jiang H., Valiakhmetova K.R., He Y., Muravev S.V., Astashina N.B., 20262026Мартюшева М.В., Мань Ч., Цзян Х., Валиахметова К.Р., Хэ И., Муравьев С.В., Асташина Н.Б.Martiusheva M.V., Man C., Jiang H., Valiakhmetova K.R., He Y., Muravev S.V., Astashina N.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.eajls.com/jour/article/view/31

The prevalence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders in the modern world is steadily increasing, and according to the World Health Organization, more than 78% of the working population suffers from muscular and joint disorders. The article reviews the problem of TMJ disorders complex therapy and describes modern treatment methods of TMJ dysfunction.

The detailed description is provided for two approaches to the treatment of TMJ dysfunction: arthrocentesis and splint therapy. We have presented summarized data from clinical studies in which patients were treated for TMJ diseases with hyaluronic acid injections. The main types of occlusal splints and their characteristics, used in the treatment of TMJ dysfunction, are described. We conducted a comparison of both treatment methods for TMJ diseases and identified the key advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed approaches.

Both injection therapy (arthrocentesis) and splint therapy demonstrate high treatment success rates, but each method has its own features in clinical application. Given the high prevalence of TMJ disorders, the issue of developing an improved treatment protocol for these patients remains relevant.

Распространенность заболеваний височно-нижнечелюстного сустава (ВНЧС) в современном мире неуклонно растет, и, по данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, более 78% трудоспособного населения страдает от мышечных и суставных нарушений. В статье рассмотрена проблема комплексной терапии заболеваний ВНЧС и описаны современные методы лечения дисфункции ВНЧС.

Подробно описаны два подхода к лечению дисфункции ВНЧС: артроцентез и сплинт-терапия. Представлены обобщенные данные клинических исследований, в которых пациенты с ВНЧС получали гиалуроновую кислоту инъекционно. Описаны основные типы окклюзионных шин и их характеристики, которые применяют в лечении дисфункции ВНЧС. Проведено сравнение обоих методов лечения заболеваний ВНЧС и выделены ключевые преимущества и недостатки рассмотренных подходов.

Как инъекционная терапия (артроцентез), так и сплинт-терапия имеют высокую эффективность, однако каждый метод имеет особенности, которые необходимо учитывать в клиническом применении. Разработка усовершенствованных протоколов лечения таких пациентов остается актуальной, что связано с высокой распространенностью заболеваний ВНЧС.

артроцентезокклюзионная шинасплинт-терапияпротокол лечениямышечно-суставные расстройстваоптимизация протокола леченияarthrocentesisocclusal splintsplint therapytreatment protocolmuscular and joint disorderstreatment protocol optimizationРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российско-китайской ассоциации медицинских университетов (Соглашение № 1./1 от 15.10.2025).The work was carried out with financial support of Association of Sino-Russian Medical Universities (Agreement № 1./1 dated 15.10.2025).ReferencesAlowaimer HA, Al Shutwi SS, Alsaegh MK, Alruwaili OM, Alrashed AR, AlQahtani SH, Batais MS. Comparative Efficacy of Non-Invasive Therapies in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024; 16(3):e56713. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56713.Alowaimer HA, Al Shutwi SS, Alsaegh MK, Alruwaili OM, Alrashed AR, AlQahtani SH, Batais MS. Comparative Efficacy of Non-Invasive Therapies in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024; 16(3):e56713. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56713.Manrriquez SL, Robles K, Pareek K, Besharati A, Enciso R. Reduction of headache intensity and frequency with maxillary stabilization splint therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders-headache comorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2021;21(3):183-205. https://doi.org/10.17245/jdapm.2021.21.3.183.Manrriquez SL, Robles K, Pareek K, Besharati A, Enciso R. Reduction of headache intensity and frequency with maxillary stabilization splint therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders-headache comorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2021;21(3):183-205. https://doi.org/10.17245/jdapm.2021.21.3.183.Ryakhovsky AN. Clinical experience in the splint therapy of patients with TMJ dysfunction. Part I. Diagnostics. Clinical Dentistry (Russia). 2025; 28 (3): 16-20. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.37988/1811-153X_2025_3_16.Ryakhovsky AN. Clinical experience in the splint therapy of patients with TMJ dysfunction. Part I. Diagnostics. Clinical Dentistry (Russia). 2025; 28 (3): 16-20. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.37988/1811-153X_2025_3_16.Albagieh H, Alomran I, Binakresh A, Alhatarisha N, Almeteb M, Khalaf Y, Alqublan A, Alqahatany M. Occlusal splints-types and effectiveness in temporomandibular disorder management. Saudi Dent J. 2023;35(1):70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.12.013.Albagieh H, Alomran I, Binakresh A, Alhatarisha N, Almeteb M, Khalaf Y, Alqublan A, Alqahatany M. Occlusal splints-types and effectiveness in temporomandibular disorder management. Saudi Dent J. 2023;35(1):70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.12.013.Trezubov VN, Bulycheva EA, Trezubov VV, Bulycheva DS. Treatment of patients with disorders of the temporomandibular joint and mastication muscles: Clinical guidelines. Moscow, Russia: GEOTAR-Media; 2024. (In Russian). ISBN: 978-5-9704-8225-4.Trezubov VN, Bulycheva EA, Trezubov VV, Bulycheva DS. Treatment of patients with disorders of the temporomandibular joint and mastication muscles: Clinical guidelines. Moscow, Russia: GEOTAR-Media; 2024. (In Russian). ISBN: 978-5-9704-8225-4.Tang JZ, Nie MJ, Zhao JZ, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus hyaluronic acid in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020, 15(1): 403. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-01919-9.Tang JZ, Nie MJ, Zhao JZ, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus hyaluronic acid in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020, 15(1): 403. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-01919-9.Ferreira NDR, Sanz CK, Raybolt A, et al. Action of Hyaluronic Acid as a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule and Its Function on the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022;3:852249. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2022.852249.Ferreira NDR, Sanz CK, Raybolt A, et al. Action of Hyaluronic Acid as a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule and Its Function on the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022;3:852249. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2022.852249.Agostini F, Ferrillo M, Bernetti A, et al. Hyaluronic acid injections for pain relief and functional improvement in patients with temporomandibular disorders: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. J Oral Rehabil. 2023;50(12):1518-1534. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.13571.Agostini F, Ferrillo M, Bernetti A, et al. Hyaluronic acid injections for pain relief and functional improvement in patients with temporomandibular disorders: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. J Oral Rehabil. 2023;50(12):1518-1534. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.13571.Santagata M, Luca RD, Giudice GL, et al. Arthrocentesis and Sodium Hyaluronate Infiltration in Temporomandibular Disorders Treatment. Clinical and MRI Evaluation. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2020;5(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5010018.Santagata M, Luca RD, Giudice GL, et al. Arthrocentesis and Sodium Hyaluronate Infiltration in Temporomandibular Disorders Treatment. Clinical and MRI Evaluation. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2020;5(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5010018.Zhang JM, Yun J, Zhou TQ, et al. Arthrocentesis for temporomandibular joint disorders: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04858-7.Zhang JM, Yun J, Zhou TQ, et al. Arthrocentesis for temporomandibular joint disorders: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04858-7.Patel P, Idrees F, Newaskar V, et al. Sodium hyaluronate: an effective adjunct in temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;20(4):405-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-016-0581-2.Patel P, Idrees F, Newaskar V, et al. Sodium hyaluronate: an effective adjunct in temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;20(4):405-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-016-0581-2.Chang CL, Wang DH, Yang MC, et al. Functional disorders of the temporomandibular joints: internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2018;34(4):223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2018.01.004.Chang CL, Wang DH, Yang MC, et al. Functional disorders of the temporomandibular joints: internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2018;34(4):223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2018.01.004.Minervini G, Franco R, Marrapodi MM, et al. Correlation between temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and posture evaluated trough the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD): a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(7):2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12072652.Minervini G, Franco R, Marrapodi MM, et al. Correlation between temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and posture evaluated trough the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD): a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(7):2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12072652.Vaira LA, Raho MT, Soma D, et al. Complications and post-operative sequelae of temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. Cranio. 2018;36(4):264-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2017.1341138.Vaira LA, Raho MT, Soma D, et al. Complications and post-operative sequelae of temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. Cranio. 2018;36(4):264-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2017.1341138.Nitzan DW, Dolwick MF, Martinez GA. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis: a simplified treatment for severe, limited mouth opening. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49(11):1168–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(91)90409-f.Nitzan DW, Dolwick MF, Martinez GA. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis: a simplified treatment for severe, limited mouth opening. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49(11):1168–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(91)90409-f.Abakarov SI, Alimsky AV, Antonik MM, et al. Orthopedic Dentistry: National Guidelines. Moscow, Russia: GEOTAR-Media; 2019. (In Russian). ISBN: 978-5-9704-4948-6.Abakarov SI, Alimsky AV, Antonik MM, et al. Orthopedic Dentistry: National Guidelines. Moscow, Russia: GEOTAR-Media; 2019. (In Russian). ISBN: 978-5-9704-4948-6.Ibragimova RS, Dauletkhozhaev NA, Rusanov VP, Mirzakulova UR. Prevalence of functional disorders of temporomandibularjointin middle-aged, in aged, in senile people’s. Bull KazNMU; 2013;4(2):210-214. (In Russian).Ibragimova RS, Dauletkhozhaev NA, Rusanov VP, Mirzakulova UR. Prevalence of functional disorders of temporomandibularjointin middle-aged, in aged, in senile people’s. Bull KazNMU; 2013;4(2):210-214. (In Russian).Naumovich SA, Naumovich SS, Occlusal splints: types and role in complex therapy of temporomandibular joint pathology. Sovrem Stomatol. 2014;1:7-10. (In Russian).Naumovich SA, Naumovich SS, Occlusal splints: types and role in complex therapy of temporomandibular joint pathology. Sovrem Stomatol. 2014;1:7-10. (In Russian).Fadeev RA, Ovsyannikov KA, Zhidkikh ED. Application of occlusal splints and diagnostic appliances in management of diseases of temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles. Dent Inst. 2020;3(88):78-81. (In Russian).Fadeev RA, Ovsyannikov KA, Zhidkikh ED. Application of occlusal splints and diagnostic appliances in management of diseases of temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles. Dent Inst. 2020;3(88):78-81. (In Russian).Amin A, Meshramkar R, Lekha K. Comparative evaluation of clinical performance of different kind of occlusal splint in management of myofascial pain. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2016;16(2):176-81. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4052.176521.Amin A, Meshramkar R, Lekha K. Comparative evaluation of clinical performance of different kind of occlusal splint in management of myofascial pain. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2016;16(2):176-81. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4052.176521.Vrbanović E, Alajbeg IZ. Long-term Effectiveness of Occlusal Splint Therapy Compared to Placebo in Patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorders. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2019;53(3):195-206. https://doi.org/10.15644/asc53/3/1.Vrbanović E, Alajbeg IZ. Long-term Effectiveness of Occlusal Splint Therapy Compared to Placebo in Patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorders. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2019;53(3):195-206. https://doi.org/10.15644/asc53/3/1.Gibreel M, Perea-Lowery L, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S, Lassila L. Two-body wear and surface hardness of occlusal splint materials. Dent Mater J. 2022;41(6):916-922. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2022-100.Gibreel M, Perea-Lowery L, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S, Lassila L. Two-body wear and surface hardness of occlusal splint materials. Dent Mater J. 2022;41(6):916-922. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2022-100.Yildiz Domanic K, Aslan YU, Ozkan Y. Two-body wear of occlusal splint materials against different antagonists. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-020-01165-9.Yildiz Domanic K, Aslan YU, Ozkan Y. Two-body wear of occlusal splint materials against different antagonists. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-020-01165-9.Tamazyan NG, Starikova IV, Radyshevskaya TN, Bobrov DS. Comparative characteristics of methods for deprogramming masticatory muscles. Colloquium-Journal. 2019;3-2(27):36-38. (In Russian).Tamazyan NG, Starikova IV, Radyshevskaya TN, Bobrov DS. Comparative characteristics of methods for deprogramming masticatory muscles. Colloquium-Journal. 2019;3-2(27):36-38. (In Russian).Huth KC, Bex A, Kollmuss M, Wuersching SN. Recording the maxillomandibular relationship with the Aqualizer system prior to occlusal splint therapy for treating temporomandibular disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):22535. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49911-7.Huth KC, Bex A, Kollmuss M, Wuersching SN. Recording the maxillomandibular relationship with the Aqualizer system prior to occlusal splint therapy for treating temporomandibular disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):22535. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49911-7.Khvatova VA, Chikunov SO. Occlusal splints (Current State of the Issue). Moscow, Russia: Meditsinskaya kniga, 2010. (In Russian). ISBN: 978-5-86093-355-0.Khvatova VA, Chikunov SO. Occlusal splints (Current State of the Issue). Moscow, Russia: Meditsinskaya kniga, 2010. (In Russian). ISBN: 978-5-86093-355-0.Astashina NB, Martyusheva MV, Shchekolova NB, Kadyrova EV. Mechanisms of functional asymmetry of the face formation in patients with dysfunctional condition of temporomandibular joint. Perm Med J. 2024;41(4):30-41. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17816/pmj41430-41.Astashina NB, Martyusheva MV, Shchekolova NB, Kadyrova EV. Mechanisms of functional asymmetry of the face formation in patients with dysfunctional condition of temporomandibular joint. Perm Med J. 2024;41(4):30-41. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17816/pmj41430-41.Astashina NB, Valiakhmetova KR, Ursakiy ON, Bazhin AA. Development of a new design of reinforced occlusal sprint with parametrized frame based on medical and engineering digital technologies. Actual Probl Dent. 2024; 20(1):141-145. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2024-20-1-141-145.Astashina NB, Valiakhmetova KR, Ursakiy ON, Bazhin AA. Development of a new design of reinforced occlusal sprint with parametrized frame based on medical and engineering digital technologies. Actual Probl Dent. 2024; 20(1):141-145. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2024-20-1-141-145.Singh BP, Singh N, Jayaraman S, Kirubakaran R, Joseph S, Muthu MS, Jivnani H, Hua F. Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;9(9):CD012850. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012850.pub2.Singh BP, Singh N, Jayaraman S, Kirubakaran R, Joseph S, Muthu MS, Jivnani H, Hua F. Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;9(9):CD012850. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012850.pub2.Devi J, Verma M, Gupta R. Assessment of treatment response to splint therapy and evaluation of TMJ function using joint vibration analysis in patients exhibiting TMJ disc displacement with reduction: A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res. 2017;28(1):33-43. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_154_16.Devi J, Verma M, Gupta R. Assessment of treatment response to splint therapy and evaluation of TMJ function using joint vibration analysis in patients exhibiting TMJ disc displacement with reduction: A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res. 2017;28(1):33-43. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_154_16.Klimova TN, Stepanov VA, Shemonaev VI, Osokin AV, Klimova NN. Features of integrated miorelaxation therapy of patients with dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint complicated by hypertonus of the masticatory muscles. Sovrem Ortop Stomatol. 2017; (28): 9–12. (In Russian).Klimova TN, Stepanov VA, Shemonaev VI, Osokin AV, Klimova NN. Features of integrated miorelaxation therapy of patients with dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint complicated by hypertonus of the masticatory muscles. Sovrem Ortop Stomatol. 2017; (28): 9–12. (In Russian).Costa YM, Porporatti AL, Stuginski-Barbosa J, Bonjardim LR, Conti PC. Additional effect of occlusal splints on the improvement of psychological aspects in temporomandibular disorder subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60(5):738-744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.005.Costa YM, Porporatti AL, Stuginski-Barbosa J, Bonjardim LR, Conti PC. Additional effect of occlusal splints on the improvement of psychological aspects in temporomandibular disorder subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60(5):738-744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.005.Takaichi A, Suyalatu, Nakamoto T, Joko N, Nomura N, Tsutsumi Y, Migita S, Doi H, Kurosu S, Chiba A, Wakabayashi N, Igarashi Y, Hanawa T. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting process for dental applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2013 May;21:67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.01.021.Takaichi A, Suyalatu, Nakamoto T, Joko N, Nomura N, Tsutsumi Y, Migita S, Doi H, Kurosu S, Chiba A, Wakabayashi N, Igarashi Y, Hanawa T. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting process for dental applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2013 May;21:67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.01.021.Van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater. 2012 Jan;28(1):3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.014.Van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater. 2012 Jan;28(1):3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.014.Astashina NB, Rogozhnikova EP, Valiakhmetova KR, et al. Frame for occlusal splints [patent in Russian]. Russian Federation patent RU 2814888 C1. March 5, 2024.Astashina NB, Rogozhnikova EP, Valiakhmetova KR, et al. Frame for occlusal splints [patent in Russian]. Russian Federation patent RU 2814888 C1. March 5, 2024.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.