ejolsThe Eurasian Journal of Life SciencesЕвразийский журнал наук о жизни3033-54933033-6031Сеченовский Университет10.47093/3033-5493.2025.1.1.4-16ejols-3Research ArticleСтатьиModern trends in laser non-invasive reconstruction of biological tissuesСовременные тенденции в лазерной неинвазивной реконструкции биологических тканейhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-7622СучковаВ. В.SuchkovaV. V.

Виктория Викторовна Сучкова, Младший научный сотрудник института бионических технологий и инжиниринга; ассистент института биомедицинских систем

119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

124498, г. Зеленоград, Москва, пл. Шокина, д. 1

Victoria V. Suchkova, Junior Researcher, Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering; Assistant, Institute of Biomedical Systems

8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119048

1, Shokin Square, Moscow, Zelenograd, 124498

 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1327-5690РябкинД. И.RyabkinD. I.

Дмитрий Игоревич Рябкин, канд. физ.-мат. наук, ассистент института бионических технологий и инжиниринга; старший преподаватель института биомедицинских систем

119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

124498, г. Зеленоград, Москва, пл. Шокина, д. 1

Dmitry I. Ryabkin, Ph.D. (Phys.-Math.), Assistant, Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering; Associate Professor, Institute of Biomedical Systems

8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119048

1, Shokin Square, Moscow, Zelenograd, 124498

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-2874ЯнЛ.YangL.

Лэй Ян, профессор, руководитель департамента ортопедии

150001, пров. Хэйлунцзян, г. Харбин, ул. Ючжэн, д.23

Lei Yang, Ph.D., Professor, Director, Department of Orthopedics

23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4221-9882ТелышевД. В.TelyshevD. V.

Дмитрий Викторович Телышев, д-р техн. наук, профессор, директор института бионических технологий и инжиниринга; профессор института биомедицинских систем

119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

124498, г. Зеленоград, Москва, пл. Шокина, д. 1

Dmitry V. Telyshev, Dr. Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Director, Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering; Professor, Institute of Biomedical Systems

8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119048

1, Shokin Square, Moscow, Zelenograd, 124498

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6514-2411ГерасименкоА. Ю.GerasimenkoA. Yu.

Александр Юрьевич Герасименко, д-р техн. наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией биомедицинских нанотехнологий института бионических технологий и инжиниринга; руководитель научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Биомедицинские нанотехнологии» института биомедицинских систем

119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

124498, г. Зеленоград, Москва, пл. Шокина, д. 1

Alexander Yu. Gerasimenko, Dr. Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Head of Biomedical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering; Head of Biomedical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Systems

8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119048

1, Shokin Square, Moscow, Zelenograd, 124498

gerasimenko@bms.zoneПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет); Национальный исследовательский университет "МИЭТ"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); National Research University of Electronic TechnologyПервая клиническая больница Харбинского медицинского университетаThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University20250107202511416Copyright © Suchkova V.V., Ryabkin D.I., Yang L., Telyshev D.V., Gerasimenko A.Y., 20252025Сучкова В.В., Рябкин Д.И., Ян Л., Телышев Д.В., Герасименко А.Ю.Suchkova V.V., Ryabkin D.I., Yang L., Telyshev D.V., Gerasimenko A.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.eajls.com/jour/article/view/3

The article focuses on contemporary methodologies for laser-based, non-invasive reconstruction of biological tissues. It examines the mechanisms of laser-tissue interaction, including photothermal processes and the formation of new molecular bonds. A range of laser systems – neodymium-doped yttriumaluminum garnet laser (Nd:YAG laser), carbon dioxide laser (CO2 laser), diode and their applications in vascular, micro- and plastic surgery are analyzed. The analysis is further enriched by a discussion of bioorganic solders, such as albumin and indocyanine green, and nanomaterials that have been shown to enhance bond strength and reduce thermal damage. Examples of successful applications of the technology for vascular and nerve repair, wound sealing, and plastic surgery are provided. Finally, future prospects are highlighted, including temperature control systems and personalized approaches. The text emphasizes the potential of laser methods as a minimally invasive alternative to traditional surgery.

Статья посвящена современным методикам, применяемым в лазерной неинвазивной реконструкции биологических тканей. Рассмотрены механизмы взаимодействия лазера с тканями, включая фототермические процессы и образование новых молекулярных связей. Проанализировано применение различных видов лазерных систем, среди которых, неодимовый лазер на алюмоиттриевом гранате (Nd:YAG-лазер), лазер на диоксиде углерода (CO2-лазер), диодные лазеры, в различных областях медицины, включая сосудистую хирургию, микрохирургию, пластическую хирургию. Также рассмотрены вопросы применения биоорганических припоев, среди которых альбумин и индоцианин зелёный, и нанокомпозитных припоев, применение которых позволяет повысить прочность связи и снизить термическое повреждение тканей в области шва. Приведены примеры успешного применения данной технологии при реконструкции сосудов и нервов, закрытии ран и при пластических операциях. Также освещены перспективы дальнейшего развития технологии, такие как системы контроля температуры, персонализированные подходы. В статье оценивается потенциал применения лазерных технологий как малоинвазивной альтернативы для традиционной хирургии

лазерные системымалоинвазивная хирургияфототермические процессынаночастицыбиоорганические припоиlaser systemsnon-invasive surgeryphotothermal processesnanoparticlesbioorganic soldersРабота выполнена в рамках государственного задания Минобрнауки России (проект ФСМР-2024-0003).The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (Project FSMR-2024-0003).ReferencesBasov S, Milstein A, Sulimani E, Platkov M, Peretz E, Rattunde M, Wagner J. Netz. U, Katzir A, Nisky I. Robot-assisted laser tissue soldering system. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2018;9(12):5635-5644. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.005635.Basov S, Milstein A, Sulimani E, Platkov M, Peretz E, Rattunde M, Wagner J. Netz. U, Katzir A, Nisky I. Robot-assisted laser tissue soldering system. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2018;9(12):5635-5644. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.005635.Legres LG, Chamot C, Varna M, Janin A. The Laser Technology: New Trends in Biology and Medicine. J. Mod. Phys. 2014;5(5):330-337. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.55037Legres LG, Chamot C, Varna M, Janin A. The Laser Technology: New Trends in Biology and Medicine. J. Mod. Phys. 2014;5(5):330-337. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.55037Prahl SA, Pearson SD. Rate process models for thermal welding. Laser-Tissue Interaction VIII. 1997;2975:245-252. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.275486.Prahl SA, Pearson SD. Rate process models for thermal welding. Laser-Tissue Interaction VIII. 1997;2975:245-252. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.275486.Le Lous M, Flandin F, Herbage D, Allain JC. Influence of collagen denaturation on the chemorheological properties of skin, assessed by differential scanning calorimetry and hydrothermal isometric tension measurement. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 1982;717(2):295-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(82)90182-9.Le Lous M, Flandin F, Herbage D, Allain JC. Influence of collagen denaturation on the chemorheological properties of skin, assessed by differential scanning calorimetry and hydrothermal isometric tension measurement. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 1982;717(2):295-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(82)90182-9.Bianchi L, Cavarzan F, Ciampitti L, Cremonesi M, Grilli F, Saccomandi P. Thermophysical and mechanical properties of biological tissues as a function of temperature: a systematic literature review. Int J Hyperthermia. 2022;39(1):297-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2022.2028908.Bianchi L, Cavarzan F, Ciampitti L, Cremonesi M, Grilli F, Saccomandi P. Thermophysical and mechanical properties of biological tissues as a function of temperature: a systematic literature review. Int J Hyperthermia. 2022;39(1):297-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2022.2028908.Bass LS, Moazami N, Pocsidio J, Oz MC, Logerfo P, Treat MR. Changes in type I collagen following laser welding. Lasers Surg Med. 1992;12(5):500-505. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.1900120508.Bass LS, Moazami N, Pocsidio J, Oz MC, Logerfo P, Treat MR. Changes in type I collagen following laser welding. Lasers Surg Med. 1992;12(5):500-505. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.1900120508.Small IV W, Celliers P, Kopchok G. Temperature feedback and collagen crosslinking in argon laser vascular welding. Lasers Med Sci. 1998;13:98-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101030050061.Small IV W, Celliers P, Kopchok G. Temperature feedback and collagen crosslinking in argon laser vascular welding. Lasers Med Sci. 1998;13:98-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101030050061.Schober R, Ulrich F, Sander T, Dürselen H, Hessel S. Laser-induced alteration of collagen substructure allows microsurgical tissue welding. Science. 1986;232(4756):1421-1422. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3715454.Schober R, Ulrich F, Sander T, Dürselen H, Hessel S. Laser-induced alteration of collagen substructure allows microsurgical tissue welding. Science. 1986;232(4756):1421-1422. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3715454.Mushaben M, Urie R, Flake T, Jaffe M, Rege K, Heys J. Spatiotemporal modeling of laser tissue soldering using photothermal nanocomposites. Lasers Surg. Med. 2018;50(2):143-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22746.Mushaben M, Urie R, Flake T, Jaffe M, Rege K, Heys J. Spatiotemporal modeling of laser tissue soldering using photothermal nanocomposites. Lasers Surg. Med. 2018;50(2):143-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22746.Vescovi P, Merigo E, Fornaini C, Rocca J, Nammour S. Thermal increase in the oral mucosa and in the jawbone during Nd:YAG laser applications: ex vivo study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17(4):e697-e704. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.17726.Vescovi P, Merigo E, Fornaini C, Rocca J, Nammour S. Thermal increase in the oral mucosa and in the jawbone during Nd:YAG laser applications: ex vivo study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17(4):e697-e704. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.17726.Pirnat S, Lukac M, Ihan A. Study of the direct bactericidal effect of Nd:YAG and diode laser parameters used in endodontics on pigmented and nonpigmented bacteria. Lasers Med Sci. 2011;26:755-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-010-0808-7.Pirnat S, Lukac M, Ihan A. Study of the direct bactericidal effect of Nd:YAG and diode laser parameters used in endodontics on pigmented and nonpigmented bacteria. Lasers Med Sci. 2011;26:755-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-010-0808-7.Li C, Wang K, Huang J. Effect of scanning modes on the tensile strength and stability in laser skin welding in vitro. Optik. 2019;179:408-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.10.037.Li C, Wang K, Huang J. Effect of scanning modes on the tensile strength and stability in laser skin welding in vitro. Optik. 2019;179:408-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.10.037.Li C, Wang K. Effect of welding temperature and protein denaturation on strength of laser biological tissue welding. Opt Laser Technol. 2021;138:106862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106862.Li C, Wang K. Effect of welding temperature and protein denaturation on strength of laser biological tissue welding. Opt Laser Technol. 2021;138:106862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106862.Gomes DF, Galvão I, Loja MAR. Overview on the evolution of laser welding of vascular and nervous tissues. Appl Sci. 2019;9(10):2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9102157.Gomes DF, Galvão I, Loja MAR. Overview on the evolution of laser welding of vascular and nervous tissues. Appl Sci. 2019;9(10):2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9102157.Gil Z, Shaham A, Vasilyev T, Brosh T, Forer B, Katzir A, & Fliss DM. Novel laser tissue-soldering technique for dural reconstruction. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(1):87-91. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0087.Gil Z, Shaham A, Vasilyev T, Brosh T, Forer B, Katzir A, & Fliss DM. Novel laser tissue-soldering technique for dural reconstruction. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(1):87-91. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0087.Strassmann E, Livny E, Loy N, Kariv N, Ravid A, Katzir A, Gaton DD. CO2 laser welding of corneal cuts with albumin solder using radiometric temperature control. Ophthalmic Res. 2013;50:174-179. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353436.Strassmann E, Livny E, Loy N, Kariv N, Ravid A, Katzir A, Gaton DD. CO2 laser welding of corneal cuts with albumin solder using radiometric temperature control. Ophthalmic Res. 2013;50:174-179. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353436.Ashbell I, Agam N, Katzir A, Basov S, Platkov M, Avital I, Netz U. Laser tissue soldering of the gastrointestinal tract: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2023;9(5):e16018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16018.Ashbell I, Agam N, Katzir A, Basov S, Platkov M, Avital I, Netz U. Laser tissue soldering of the gastrointestinal tract: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2023;9(5):e16018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16018.Rossi F, Matteini P, Ratto F, Pini R, Esposito G, Albanese A, et al. Experimental study on laser assisted vascular repair and anastomosis with ICG-infused chitosan films. In: 2011 International Workshop on Biophotonics; June 2011; 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWBP.2011.5954804.Rossi F, Matteini P, Ratto F, Pini R, Esposito G, Albanese A, et al. Experimental study on laser assisted vascular repair and anastomosis with ICG-infused chitosan films. In: 2011 International Workshop on Biophotonics; June 2011; 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWBP.2011.5954804.Nakadate R, Omori S, Ikeda T, Akahoshi T, Oguri S, Arata J, et al. Improving the strength of sutureless laser-assisted vessel repair using preloaded longitudinal compression on tissue edge. Lasers Surg Med. 2017;49(5):533-538. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22621.Nakadate R, Omori S, Ikeda T, Akahoshi T, Oguri S, Arata J, et al. Improving the strength of sutureless laser-assisted vessel repair using preloaded longitudinal compression on tissue edge. Lasers Surg Med. 2017;49(5):533-538. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22621.Ott B, Constantinescu MA, Erni D, Banic A, Schaffner T, Frenz M. Intraluminal laser light source and external solder: in vivo evaluation of a new technique for microvascular anastomosis. Lasers Surg Med. 2004;35(4):312-316. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20096.Ott B, Constantinescu MA, Erni D, Banic A, Schaffner T, Frenz M. Intraluminal laser light source and external solder: in vivo evaluation of a new technique for microvascular anastomosis. Lasers Surg Med. 2004;35(4):312-316. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20096.Leclère FM, Schoofs M, Vogt P, Mordon S. 1950-nm diode laser-assisted microanastomoses (LAMA): an innovative surgical tool for hand surgery emergencies. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(4): 1269-1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1711-z.Leclère FM, Schoofs M, Vogt P, Mordon S. 1950-nm diode laser-assisted microanastomoses (LAMA): an innovative surgical tool for hand surgery emergencies. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(4): 1269-1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1711-z.Leclère FM, Vogt P, Schoofs M, Delattre M, Mordon S. Current laser applications in reconstructive microsurgery: a review of the literature. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2016;18(3):130-133. https://doi.org/10.3109/14764172.2015.1114640.Leclère FM, Vogt P, Schoofs M, Delattre M, Mordon S. Current laser applications in reconstructive microsurgery: a review of the literature. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2016;18(3):130-133. https://doi.org/10.3109/14764172.2015.1114640.Gerasimenko AY, Morozova EA, Ryabkin DI, Fayzullin A, Tarasenko SV, Molodykh VV, et al. Reconstruction of soft biological tissues using laser soldering technology with temperature control and biopolymer nanocomposites. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022;9(6):238. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9060238.Gerasimenko AY, Morozova EA, Ryabkin DI, Fayzullin A, Tarasenko SV, Molodykh VV, et al. Reconstruction of soft biological tissues using laser soldering technology with temperature control and biopolymer nanocomposites. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022;9(6):238. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9060238.Mistry YA, Natarajan SS, Ahuja SA. Evaluation of Laser Tissue Welding and LaserTissue Soldering for Mucosal and Vascular Repair. Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2018;8(1):35-41. https://doi.org/10.4103/ams.ams_147_17.Mistry YA, Natarajan SS, Ahuja SA. Evaluation of Laser Tissue Welding and LaserTissue Soldering for Mucosal and Vascular Repair. Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2018;8(1):35-41. https://doi.org/10.4103/ams.ams_147_17.Ryabkin DI, Rimshan IB, Gerasimenko AY, Pyankov ES, Zar VV. Research of dependence of the laser weld tensile strength on the protein denaturation temperature, which is part of the solder. In: 2017 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus); February 2017; St. Petersburg, Russia. p68-70. https://doi.org/10.1109/EIConRus.2017.7910494.Ryabkin DI, Rimshan IB, Gerasimenko AY, Pyankov ES, Zar VV. Research of dependence of the laser weld tensile strength on the protein denaturation temperature, which is part of the solder. In: 2017 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus); February 2017; St. Petersburg, Russia. p68-70. https://doi.org/10.1109/EIConRus.2017.7910494.Jawale SA. Suture-less circumcision by glutaraldehyde albumin glue enhanced laser tissue welding-a comparative study. Open J Urol. 2019;9(7):107. https://doi.org/10.4236/oju.2019.97013.Jawale SA. Suture-less circumcision by glutaraldehyde albumin glue enhanced laser tissue welding-a comparative study. Open J Urol. 2019;9(7):107. https://doi.org/10.4236/oju.2019.97013.Tal K, Strassmann E, Loya N, Ravid A, Kariv N, Weinberger D, et al. Corneal cut closure using temperature-controlled CO2 laser soldering system. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30:1367-1371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1737-2.Tal K, Strassmann E, Loya N, Ravid A, Kariv N, Weinberger D, et al. Corneal cut closure using temperature-controlled CO2 laser soldering system. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30:1367-1371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1737-2.Gerasimenko AY, Ichkitidze LP, Piyankov ES, Pyanov IV, Rimshan IB, Ryabkin DI, et al. Use of indocyanine green in nanocomposite solders to increase strength and homogeneity in laser welding of tendons. Biomed Eng. 2017;50:310-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10527-017-9644-4.Gerasimenko AY, Ichkitidze LP, Piyankov ES, Pyanov IV, Rimshan IB, Ryabkin DI, et al. Use of indocyanine green in nanocomposite solders to increase strength and homogeneity in laser welding of tendons. Biomed Eng. 2017;50:310-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10527-017-9644-4.Wu T, Li H, Xue J, Mo X, Xia Y. Photothermal welding, melting, and patterned expansion of nonwoven mats of polymer nanofibers for biomedical and printing applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2019;58(46):16416-16421. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907876.Wu T, Li H, Xue J, Mo X, Xia Y. Photothermal welding, melting, and patterned expansion of nonwoven mats of polymer nanofibers for biomedical and printing applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2019;58(46):16416-16421. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907876.Lim ZY, Mohan S, Balasubramaniam S, Ahmed S, Siew CCH, Shelat VG. Indocyanine green dye and its application in gastrointestinal surgery: the future is bright green. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2023;15(9):1841-1857. https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v15.i9.1841.Lim ZY, Mohan S, Balasubramaniam S, Ahmed S, Siew CCH, Shelat VG. Indocyanine green dye and its application in gastrointestinal surgery: the future is bright green. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2023;15(9):1841-1857. https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v15.i9.1841.Khan I, Saeed K, Zekker I, Zhang B, Hendi AH., Ahmad A, et al. Review on methylene blue: its properties, uses, toxicity and photodegradation. Water (Basel). 2022;14(2):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020242.Khan I, Saeed K, Zekker I, Zhang B, Hendi AH., Ahmad A, et al. Review on methylene blue: its properties, uses, toxicity and photodegradation. Water (Basel). 2022;14(2):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020242.Rau I, Tane A, Zgarian R, Meghea A, Grote JG, et al. Stability of Selected Chromophores in Biopolymer Matrix. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals. 2012;554(1):43- 55. https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2012.633025.Rau I, Tane A, Zgarian R, Meghea A, Grote JG, et al. Stability of Selected Chromophores in Biopolymer Matrix. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals. 2012;554(1):43- 55. https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2012.633025.Esposito G, Rossi F, Matteini P, Scerrati A, Puca A, Albanese A, et al. In vivo laser assisted microvascular repair and end-to-end anastomosis by means of indocyanine green-infused chitosan patches: a pilot study. Lasers Surg Med. 2013;45(5):318-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22145.Esposito G, Rossi F, Matteini P, Scerrati A, Puca A, Albanese A, et al. In vivo laser assisted microvascular repair and end-to-end anastomosis by means of indocyanine green-infused chitosan patches: a pilot study. Lasers Surg Med. 2013;45(5):318-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22145.Torres-Martínez E.J, Cornejo Bravo JM, Serrano Medina A, Pérez González GL, Villarreal Gómez LJ. A summary of electrospun nanofibers as drug delivery system: drugs loaded and biopolymers used as matrices. Curr Drug Deliv. 2018;15(10):1360- 1374. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201815666180723114326.Torres-Martínez E.J, Cornejo Bravo JM, Serrano Medina A, Pérez González GL, Villarreal Gómez LJ. A summary of electrospun nanofibers as drug delivery system: drugs loaded and biopolymers used as matrices. Curr Drug Deliv. 2018;15(10):1360- 1374. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201815666180723114326.Ivanov D. Methods and challenges in the fabrication of biopolymer-based scaffolds for tissue engineering application. In: Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine. 1st ed. Wiley-VCH; 2023:335-370. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527827657.ch11.Ivanov D. Methods and challenges in the fabrication of biopolymer-based scaffolds for tissue engineering application. In: Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine. 1st ed. Wiley-VCH; 2023:335-370. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527827657.ch11.Hu Z, Qin Z, Qu Y, Wang F, Huang B, Chen G, et al. Cell electrospinning and its application in wound healing: principles, techniques and prospects. Burns Trauma. 2023;11:tkad028. https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkad028.Hu Z, Qin Z, Qu Y, Wang F, Huang B, Chen G, et al. Cell electrospinning and its application in wound healing: principles, techniques and prospects. Burns Trauma. 2023;11:tkad028. https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkad028.Bregy A, Bogni S, Bernau VJ, Vajtai I, Vollbach F, Petri-Fink A, et al. Solder doped polycaprolactone scaffold enables reproducible laser tissue soldering. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2008;40(10):716-725. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20710.Bregy A, Bogni S, Bernau VJ, Vajtai I, Vollbach F, Petri-Fink A, et al. Solder doped polycaprolactone scaffold enables reproducible laser tissue soldering. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2008;40(10):716-725. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20710.Schöni DS, Bogni S, Bregy A, Wirth A, Raabe A, Vajtai I, et al. Nanoshell assisted laser soldering of vascular tissue. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2011;43(10):975- 983. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.21140.Schöni DS, Bogni S, Bregy A, Wirth A, Raabe A, Vajtai I, et al. Nanoshell assisted laser soldering of vascular tissue. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2011;43(10):975- 983. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.21140.Matteini P, Ratto F, Rossi F, Pini R. Laser-activated nano-biomaterials for tissue repair and controlled drug release. Quantum Electronics. 2014;44(7):675. https://doi.org/10.1070/QE2014v044n07ABEH015484.Matteini P, Ratto F, Rossi F, Pini R. Laser-activated nano-biomaterials for tissue repair and controlled drug release. Quantum Electronics. 2014;44(7):675. https://doi.org/10.1070/QE2014v044n07ABEH015484.Frost SJ, Mawad D, Hook J, Lauto A. Micro- and nanostructured biomaterials for sutureless tissue repair. Adv Healthc Mater. 2016;5(4):401-414. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201500589.Frost SJ, Mawad D, Hook J, Lauto A. Micro- and nanostructured biomaterials for sutureless tissue repair. Adv Healthc Mater. 2016;5(4):401-414. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201500589.Matteini P, Ratto F, Rossi F, Pini R. Emerging concepts of laser-activated nanoparticles for tissue bonding. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(1):010701. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.1.010701.Matteini P, Ratto F, Rossi F, Pini R. Emerging concepts of laser-activated nanoparticles for tissue bonding. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(1):010701. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.1.010701.Cai Z, Zhang H, Wei Y, Cong F. Hyaluronan-inorganic nanohybrid materials for biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules. 2017;18(6):1677-1696. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00424.Cai Z, Zhang H, Wei Y, Cong F. Hyaluronan-inorganic nanohybrid materials for biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules. 2017;18(6):1677-1696. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00424.Gerasimenko AY, Gubar’kov OV, Ichkitidze LP, Podgaetskii VM, Selishchev SV, Ponomareva OV. Nanocomposite solder for laser welding of biological tissues. Semiconductors. 2011;45:1713-1718. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063782611130112.Gerasimenko AY, Gubar’kov OV, Ichkitidze LP, Podgaetskii VM, Selishchev SV, Ponomareva OV. Nanocomposite solder for laser welding of biological tissues. Semiconductors. 2011;45:1713-1718. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063782611130112.Gerasimenko AY, Ichkitidze LP, Podgaetsky VM, Selishchev SV. Biomedical applications of promising nanomaterials with carbon nanotubes. Biomed Eng. 2015;48(6):310-314. https://doi.org/0006-3398/15/4806-0310.Gerasimenko AY, Ichkitidze LP, Podgaetsky VM, Selishchev SV. Biomedical applications of promising nanomaterials with carbon nanotubes. Biomed Eng. 2015;48(6):310-314. https://doi.org/0006-3398/15/4806-0310.Sun Y, Liu X, George MN, Park S, Gaihre B, Terzic A, Lu L. Enhanced nerve cell proliferation and differentiation on electrically conductive scaffolds embedded with graphene and carbon nanotubes. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2021;109(2):193-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.37016.Sun Y, Liu X, George MN, Park S, Gaihre B, Terzic A, Lu L. Enhanced nerve cell proliferation and differentiation on electrically conductive scaffolds embedded with graphene and carbon nanotubes. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2021;109(2):193-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.37016.Ye L, Ji H, Liu J, Tu CH, Kappl M, Koynov K, et al. Carbon nanotube-hydrogel composites facilitate neuronal differentiation while maintaining homeostasis of network activity. Adv Mater. 2021;33(41):2102981. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202102981.Ye L, Ji H, Liu J, Tu CH, Kappl M, Koynov K, et al. Carbon nanotube-hydrogel composites facilitate neuronal differentiation while maintaining homeostasis of network activity. Adv Mater. 2021;33(41):2102981. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202102981.Gerasimenko AY, Glukhova OE, Savostyanov GV, Podgaetsky VM. Laser structuring of carbon nanotubes in the albumin matrix for the creation of composite biostructures. J Biomed Opt. 2017;22(6):065003. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.22.6.065003.Gerasimenko AY, Glukhova OE, Savostyanov GV, Podgaetsky VM. Laser structuring of carbon nanotubes in the albumin matrix for the creation of composite biostructures. J Biomed Opt. 2017;22(6):065003. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.22.6.065003.Wang M, Guo H, Zhang G, Ruan P, Zhi K. Development and Innovation of Modern Microvascular Anastomoses. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines. 2024;12:105- 118. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2024.1210011.Wang M, Guo H, Zhang G, Ruan P, Zhi K. Development and Innovation of Modern Microvascular Anastomoses. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines. 2024;12:105- 118. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2024.1210011.Hiebl B, Ascher L, Luetzow K, Kratz K, Gruber C, Mrowietz C, et al. Albumin solder covalently bound to a polymer membrane: new approach to improve binding strength in laser tissue soldering in-vitro. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2018;69(12):317-326. https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-189108.Hiebl B, Ascher L, Luetzow K, Kratz K, Gruber C, Mrowietz C, et al. Albumin solder covalently bound to a polymer membrane: new approach to improve binding strength in laser tissue soldering in-vitro. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2018;69(12):317-326. https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-189108.Rasca E, Nyssen-Behets C, Tielemans M, Peremans A, Hendaoui N, Heysselaer D, et al. Gingiva laser welding: preliminary study on an ex vivo porcine model. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(8):437-443. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2013.3662.Rasca E, Nyssen-Behets C, Tielemans M, Peremans A, Hendaoui N, Heysselaer D, et al. Gingiva laser welding: preliminary study on an ex vivo porcine model. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(8):437-443. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2013.3662.Fekrazad R, Mortezai O, Pedram M, Kalhori KA, Joharchi K, Mansoori K, et al. Transected sciatic nerve repair by diode laser protein soldering. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017;173:441-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.008.Fekrazad R, Mortezai O, Pedram M, Kalhori KA, Joharchi K, Mansoori K, et al. Transected sciatic nerve repair by diode laser protein soldering. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017;173:441-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.008.Schiavon M, Marulli G, Zuin A, Lunardi F, Villoresi P, Bonora S., et al. Experimental evaluation of a new system for laser tissue welding applied on damaged lungs. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;16(5):577-582. https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivt029.Schiavon M, Marulli G, Zuin A, Lunardi F, Villoresi P, Bonora S., et al. Experimental evaluation of a new system for laser tissue welding applied on damaged lungs. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;16(5):577-582. https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivt029.Urie R, Quraishi S, Jaffe M, Rege K. Gold nanorod-collagen nanocomposites as photothermal nanosolders for laser welding of ruptured porcine intestines. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2018;4(9):805-815. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00174.Urie R, Quraishi S, Jaffe M, Rege K. Gold nanorod-collagen nanocomposites as photothermal nanosolders for laser welding of ruptured porcine intestines. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2018;4(9):805-815. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00174.Galichenko KA, Ryabkin DI, Suchkova VV, Blinov KD, Dydykin SS, Istranov AL, et al. Comparative evaluation of tissue fusion efficacy in laser-assisted flap plasty (experimental study). Russ J Oper Surg Clin Anat. 2024;8(2):5-11. https://doi.org/10.17116/OPERHIRURG202480215.Galichenko KA, Ryabkin DI, Suchkova VV, Blinov KD, Dydykin SS, Istranov AL, et al. Comparative evaluation of tissue fusion efficacy in laser-assisted flap plasty (experimental study). Russ J Oper Surg Clin Anat. 2024;8(2):5-11. https://doi.org/10.17116/OPERHIRURG202480215.Ryabkin DI, Suchkova VV, Gerasimenko AY. Prediction of tensile strength of biotissue laser welds by machine learning methods. Biomed Eng. 2023;57:112-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10527-023-10280-0.Ryabkin DI, Suchkova VV, Gerasimenko AY. Prediction of tensile strength of biotissue laser welds by machine learning methods. Biomed Eng. 2023;57:112-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10527-023-10280-0.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.