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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ejols</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">The Eurasian Journal of Life Sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Евразийский журнал наук о жизни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-5493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-6031</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Сеченовский Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47093/3033-5493.2025.1.2.25-35</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ejols-29</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Extracellular vesicles in the heart failure pathogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic potential</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Внеклеточные везикулы в патогенезе сердечной недостаточности: механизмы и терапевтический потенциал</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-4635</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токмачев</surname><given-names>Р. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokmachev</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Роман Евгеньевич Токмачев, Кандидат медицинских наук, Директор Научно-исследовательского института экспериментальной биологии и медицины</p><p>ул. Студенческая, 10, Воронеж, 394036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman E. Tokmachev, C. Med. Sci., Director of the Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine </p><p>10, Studentskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">r-tokmachev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5212-1005</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антакова</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antakova</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любовь Николаевна Антакова, Кандидат биологических наук, Старший научный сотрудник, Заведующая лабораторией постгеномных исследований Научно-исследовательского института экспериментальной биологии и медицины</p><p>ул. Студенческая, 10, Воронеж, 394036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov N. Antakova, C. Biol. Sci., Senior Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Postgenomic Research of the Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine </p><p>10, Studentskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2424-2974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Есауленко</surname><given-names>И. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Esaulenko</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Эдуардович Есауленко, Доктор медицинских наук, Доцент, Ректор</p><p>ул. Студенческая, 10, Воронеж, 394036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor E. Esaulenko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Rector</p><p>10, Studentskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9185-4578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шишкина</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shishkina</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктория Викторовна Шишкина, Кандидат медицинских наук, Доцент, Заведующая лабораторией гистологии, Старший научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательского института экспериментальной биологии и медицины</p><p>ул. Студенческая, 10, Воронеж, 394036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victoria V. Shishkina, C. Med. Sci., assistant Professor; Head of the Department of Histology, Senior Researcher Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine</p><p>10, Studentskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-1859</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пульвер</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pulver</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Юрьевич Пульвер, Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории постгеномных исследований Научно-исследовательского института экспериментальной биологии и медицины</p><p>ул. Студенческая, 10, Воронеж, 394036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Yu. Pulver, Junior researcher at the Laboratory of Postgenomic Research of the Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine </p><p>10, Studentskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8662-5279</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Андреевна Герасимова, Кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной морфологии и иммунной гистохимии Научно-исследовательского института экспериментальной биологии и медицины</p><p>ул. Студенческая, 10, Воронеж, 394036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Gerasimova, C. Biol. Sci., Senior Researcher of the laboratory of molecular morphology and immune histochemistry of the Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine</p><p>10, Studentskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4202-3676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цзян</surname><given-names>Яньнань</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>Yanan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яньнань Цзян, Отдел фармакологии (Провинциально-государственные ключевые лаборатории биомедицины и фармацевтики Китая, Ключевая лаборатория исследований сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний Министерства образования)</p><p>ул. Баоцзянь, 157, г. Харбин, 150081</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yanan Jiang, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education)</p><p>157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный медицинский университет имени Н.Н. Бурденко» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Фармацевтический колледж</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>College of Pharmacy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Tokmachev R.E., Antakova L.N., Esaulenko I.E., Shishkina V.V., Pulver A.Y., Gerasimova O.A., Jiang Y., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Токмачев Р.Е., Антакова Л.Н., Есауленко И.Э., Шишкина В.В., Пульвер А.Ю., Герасимова О.А., Цзян Я.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tokmachev R.E., Antakova L.N., Esaulenko I.E., Shishkina V.V., Pulver A.Y., Gerasimova O.A., Jiang Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.eajls.com/jour/article/view/29">https://www.eajls.com/jour/article/view/29</self-uri><abstract><p>Heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating a deeper understanding of its molecular mechanisms. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) – exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies and less-studied subtypes – have emerged as key intercellular communication mediators in cardiovascular diseases. These nanosized particles carry bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, influencing processes including cardiac remodeling, inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis.</p><p>EVs derived from cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells contribute to HF progression by modulating pathological signaling pathways. For instance, cardiomyocyte-derived EVs may propagate hypertrophy and apoptosis, while fibroblast-derived EVs promote extracellular matrix deposition, leading myocardial stiffness. Conversely, certain EV subpopulations exhibit cardioprotective effects, underscoring their dual role in HF pathogenesis. This review summarizes current knowledge on EV biogenesis, composition, and function in HF, highlighting their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.</p><p>We discuss emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies, focusing on EV-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of HF. Furthermore, we explore therapeutic applications of engineered EVs for targeted drug delivery. Despite considerable advances, unresolved issues such as EV heterogeneity, a lack of standardization isolation methods, and difficulties in applying the results in practice. Addressing these challenges is crucial for unlocking novel strategies for HF management. Integration of fundamental and clinical findings was used to analyze the role of EVs in HF and to evaluate their potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Сердечная недостаточность (СН) остаётся одной из основных причин заболеваемости и смертности во всём мире, что требует более глубокого понимания её молекулярных механизмов. Внеклеточные везикулы (ВВ) – экзосомы, микровезикулы, апоптотические тельца и менее изученные подтипы – ключевые медиаторы межклеточного взаимодействия при сердечно-сосудистых заболеваниях. Эти наноразмерные частицы переносят биологически активные молекулы, например белки, липиды и нуклеиновые кислоты, влияя на процессы ремоделирования сердца, воспаления, фиброза и ангиогенеза.</p><p>Везикулы кардиомиоцитов, эндотелиальных клеток, фибробластов и иммунных клеток способствуют прогрессированию СН, модулируя патологические сигнальные пути. Например, везикулы кардиомиоцитов могут опосредовать гипертрофию и апоптоз, в то время как везикулы фибробластов стимулируют отложение внеклеточного матрикса, которое приводит к повышению жесткости миокарда. И наоборот, некоторые субпопуляции ВВ имеют кардиопротекторные свойства. Это подчеркивает двойную роль этих везикул в патогенезе СН. В данном обзоре обобщены современные представления о биогенезе, составе и функции ВВ при СН, а также рассмотрен их диагностический и терапевтический потенциал.</p><p>Мы оценили данные доклинических и клинических исследований, в которых особое внимание уделено биомаркерам, связанным с ВВ, в ранней диагностике и прогноза СН. Кроме того, рассмотрена возможность клинического применения модифицированных ВВ для направленной доставки лекарственных средств. Несмотря на значительный прогресс в этой области, остаются нерешенные проблемы: гетерогенность ВВ, отсутствие стандартизированных методов выделения и сложности в практическом применении полученных результатов. Решение этих задач крайне важно для разработки новых стратегий лечения СН. Интеграция фундаментальных и клинических данных позволит проанализировать роль ВВ при СН и оценить их потенциал для создания новых диагностических и терапевтических подходов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биомаркер</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>некодирующие РНК</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>днкРНК</kwd><kwd>системы доставки лекарственных средств</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>biomarker</kwd><kwd>fibrosis</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>non-coding RNAs</kwd><kwd>microRNAs</kwd><kwd>lncRNAs</kwd><kwd>drug delivery systems</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают искреннюю признательность господину Ян Баофэну, ректору Харбинского медицинского университета, и профессору Яньнань Цзян за возможность обсуждения и совместной работы над исследовательским проектом, посвященным изучению внеклеточных везикул и их роли в развитии хронической сердечной недостаточности.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors would like to express their gratitude to Mr. Yang Baofeng, President of Harbin Medical University, and Professor Yanan Jiang for the opportunity to discuss and collaborate on a research project on extracellular vesicles and their impact on the development of chronic heart failure.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savarese G, Lund LH. 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